Francesca Bjork Francesca Bjork

“Good Governance” & “State Failure:” How Colonialism Caused the Rwandan Genocide

This image is best understood as a registration and documentation photograph of a child, taken during or immediately after the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi. During the genocide and its aftermath, Polaroid photographs were widely used by humanitarian organizations, orphan tracing programs, refugee camps, medical NGOs, and interim administrative bodies to document survivors, especially unaccompanied or separated children. The instant nature of Polaroids allowed workers to quickly create records in conditions where infrastructure had collapsed and conventional photo processing was impossible.

The child’s solitary positioning, neutral expression, and plain backdrop are consistent with aid or identification photography, not family portraiture.

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